Just a few years ago, the "Turkish model" was being hailed across the world. Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his Justice and Development Party (AKP) had "effectively integrated Islam, democracy, and vibrant economics," making Turkey "the envy of the Arab world". But later analysts have wondered if Erdogan has become a "dictator". This book argues that the problem with this model of Islamic liberalism is much broader and deeper than Erdogan's increasing authoritarianism. The Turkish model was a failure in its home country, and the dynamics of the Arab world made it a tough commodity to export. The authors explication of the demise of Islamic liberalism brings in Egypt and Tunisia, once seen as the most likely followers of the Turkish model, and provides a path-breaking examination of their regimes and Islamist movements, as well as paradigm-shifting accounts of Turkey and Iran